...variety of hydrolytic enzymes catalyze the digestion...
...juices containing hydrolytic enzymes. After the food...
...in which hydrolytic enzymes break down food...
...organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes. • (5) Later,...
...partially digested by enzymes secreted by gastrodermal...
...the intestine, digestive enzymes hydrolyze the food...
...produces several hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline...
...the feces. Specific enzymes from the pancreas...
...and fructose. These enzymes are built into...
...by pepsin. Several enzymes in the duodenum...
...attacked by other enzymes. Trypsin and chymotrypsin...
...of the protein-digesting enzymes, such as aminopeptidase,...
...A team of enzymes called nucleases hydrolyzes...
...nucleotides. Other hydrolytic enzymes then break nucleotides...
...release of pancreatic enzymes. The chyme, particularly...
...do not produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose....
...microorganisms do have enzymes that can digest...
...by the cow’s enzymes. ...

...work. Concept 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic...
...focus on protein enzymes. Every chemical reaction...
...and kills cells. Enzymes speed reactions by...
...at moderate temperatures. Enzymes do not change...
...occur eventually. Because enzymes are so selective,...
...at any time. Enzymes are substrate specific....
...reactions a second. Enzymes are unaffected by...
...reusable. Most metabolic enzymes can catalyze a...
...products and reactants. Enzymes catalyze reactions in...
...direction of equilibrium. Enzymes use a variety...
...catalyzing the reaction. Enzymes may briefly bind...
...specific number of enzymes convert substrates to...
...sites on all enzymes are engaged. The...
...molecules. Most human enzymes have optimal temperatures...
...hot springs contain enzymes with optimal temperatures...
...6–8 for most enzymes. However, digestive enzymes...
...enzymes. However, digestive enzymes in the stomach...
...of 8. Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers,...
...by inhibitors prevents enzymes from catalyzing reactions....
...action of specific enzymes. If inhibitors attach...
...by inhibiting key enzymes in the nervous...
...inhibitors of specific enzymes in bacteria. Penicillin...
...great diversity of enzymes arise? So far,...
...than 4,000 different enzymes in various species;...
...diversity arise? Most enzymes are proteins, and...
...Most allosterically regulated enzymes are constructed of...
...binding to key enzymes, the reactants and...
...to several catabolic enzymes allosterically, inhibiting their...
...of the same enzymes. ATP and ADP...
...also affect key enzymes in anabolic pathways....
...this way, allosteric enzymes control the rates...
...metabolic pathways. In enzymes with multiple catalytic...
...the response of enzymes to substrates, priming...
...many known metabolic enzymes are known to...
...specificity for particular enzymes than do inhibitors...
...quite distinct between enzymes. A common method...
...The localization of enzymes within a cell...
...A team of enzymes for several steps...
...is released. Some enzymes and enzyme complexes...

...was enriched in enzymes that function in...
...metabolism because many enzymes are built into...
...functions. For example, enzymes embedded in the...
...that secrete digestive enzymes—frequently have a high...
...is rich in enzymes and plays a...
...of calcium ions. Enzymes of smooth ER...
...of the liver, enzymes help detoxify poisons...
...the ER by enzymes in the ER...
...own hydrophobic portions. Enzymes in rough ER...
...apparatus. Various Golgi enzymes modify the carbohydrate...
...unique teams of enzymes. According to the...
...sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal...
...digest macromolecules. Lysosomal enzymes work best at...
...because the lysosomal enzymes are not very...
...by autodigestion. Lysosomal enzymes and membranes are...
...a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food....
...DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. Some of the...
...are catalyzed by enzymes in the matrix....
...area for these enzymes. Mitochondria are about...
...as well as enzymes and other molecules...
...DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The thylakoids are...
...single membrane, contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen...
...to water. The enzymes that produce hydrogen...
...organelles and cytosolic enzymes. The cytoskeleton is...

... Enzymes Biological Catalysts Control...
...in the reaction Enzymes are proteins Specific...
...metabolic pathways The enzymes for a particular...
...cell organelles E.g. Enzymes for photosynthesis occur...
...in chloroplasts E.g. Enzymes for release of...
...a specific product Enzymes and Proteins Enzymes...
...Enzymes and Proteins Enzymes are relatively large...
...made of proteins Enzymes are globular proteins...
...previous notes) Denatured Enzymes: Denaturisation – The...
...acids, bases etc.) Enzymes are formed from...
...active site. How enzymes catalyse reactions: A...
...Fortunately we have enzymes that provide an...
...site For most enzymes in the human...
...High temperatures denature enzymes Graph illustrating the...
...rate of reaction: Enzymes work best at...
...temperature, and the enzymes are denatured. Bonds...
...rate of reaction: Enzymes have an optimum...
...  Cofactors Most enzymes require additional help...
...rate of reaction. Enzymes in Seed Germination...
...into soluble substances. Enzymes in the seed...
...the seed germinates. Enzymes in Biological Washing...
...washing powders contain protein-digesting-enzymes These break down...
...in the powder Enzymes in the Food...
...the Food Industry Enzymes are used in...
...fructose Baking – Enzymes speed up the...
...dioxide Dairy – Enzymes help the ripening...
...Baby Foods – Enzymes pre-digest the baby...
...Fruit Juices – Enzymes remove the cloudiness...

...Viruses lack the enzymes for metabolism or...
...viral and cellular enzymes to replicate and...
...release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes. Some...
...bacteria by inhibiting enzymes or processes specific...
...few or no enzymes of their own....
...the host’s cellular enzymes. These RNA molecules...
...genes code for enzymes that specifically destroy...
...the activity of enzymes already present (for...
...stop synthesizing additional enzymes in this pathway...
...genes for these enzymes. In 1961, Francois...
...coding for the enzymes of a particular...
...that code for enzymes that play a...
...be transcribed. Repressible enzymes generally function in...
...other uses. Inducible enzymes usually function in...
...producing the appropriate enzymes only when the...
...operons that encode enzymes used in catabolic...
...the synthesis of enzymes that catabolize other...
...genes which produce enzymes that catabolize whichever...

...then activates certain enzymes, which activate genes...
...activation of existing enzymes. Most often these...
...There are other enzymes called phosphatases that...
...the wall activates enzymes called expansins that...
...by stimulating cell-wall-loosening enzymes. Both hormones work...
...synthesis of digestive enzymes in the seed...
...plant. During apoptosis, enzymes breakdown DNA, RNA,...
...in the layer. Enzymes hydrolyze the polysaccharides...
...produces the hydrolytic enzymes that digest the...
...synthesis of certain enzymes, oscillate during the...
...is destroyed by enzymes and the concentration...
...heat can denature enzymes and disrupt metabolism....
...the denaturing of enzymes by creating a...
...to the digestive enzymes of insects that...
...inhibitors inhibit the enzymes responsible for the...

...and function of enzymes. 2.Demonstrate that processing...
...foods can denature enzymes. 3.Understand the role...
...intestine, proteins called enzymes break the food...
...to individual cells. Enzymes function to speed...
...acid arrangement produces enzymes of various shapes...
...shapes and sizes. Enzymes can be broken...
...acted upon by enzymes are called the...
...some of the enzymes involved in producing...

...cells. Lacking metabolic enzymes, ribosomes, and other...
...Bacteria produce restriction enzymes that recognize and...
...destruction by restriction enzymes. Natural selection favors...
...resistant to restriction enzymes. Instead of lysing...
...glycosylated by cellular enzymes in the ER...
...viral and cellular enzymes to replicate and...
...release of hydrolytic enzymes from lysosomes. Some...
...bacteria by inhibiting enzymes or processes specific...
...few or no enzymes of their own....
...the host’s cellular enzymes. These small RNA...

...the activity of enzymes already present. This...
...coding for these enzymes are clustered together...
...for all five enzymes in the tryptophan...
...itself, all the enzymes are synthesized at...
...production of the enzymes of the tryptophan...
...that code for enzymes that play a...
...genes coding for enzymes that function in...
...be transcribed. Repressible enzymes generally function in...
...other uses. Inducible enzymes usually function in...
...producing the appropriate enzymes only when the...
...uses glucose. The enzymes for glucose breakdown...
...and synthesize the enzymes for lactose breakdown....
...operons that encode enzymes used in catabolic...
...the synthesis of enzymes that catabolize other...
...genes that produce enzymes that catabolize whichever...
...to various modifying enzymes, which catalyze the...
...Some of the enzymes responsible for acetylation...
...Thus, histone acetylation enzymes may promote the...
...expression. While some enzymes methylate the tails...
...histone proteins, other enzymes methylate certain bases...
...recruit histone deacetylation enzymes, providing a mechanism...
...given individual. Methylation enzymes recognize sites on...
...their identical genomes. Enzymes that modify chromatin...
...each other. Chromatin-modifying enzymes provide initial control...
...coding for the enzymes of a metabolic...
...the complex recruit enzymes to modify the...

...large team of enzymes and other proteins...
...than a dozen enzymes and other proteins...
...by the replication enzymes. These enzymes separate...
...replication enzymes. These enzymes separate the strands,...
...DNA strands. The enzymes that synthesize cannot...
...a polynucleotide. These enzymes can only add...
...by the polymerase. Enzymes called DNA polymerases...
...in less time. Enzymes proofread DNA during...
...mismatch repair, special enzymes fix incorrectly paired...
...one of these enzymes is associated with...
...with 100 repair enzymes known in E....
...than 130 repair enzymes identified in humans....
...repair. DNA repair enzymes in skin cells...
...functioning of the enzymes that repair damage...